Microplastics in Disposable Beverage Containers

Background: The pervasive use of disposable beverage containers, particularly plastic-coated paper cups, has led to significant environmental and human health concerns due to the release of microplastics (MPs) and associated toxic chemicals. MPs, defined as plastic particles ranging from 1 µm to 5 mm, have been detected in various ecosystems and human food chains, posing risks such as metabolic disorders, endocrine disruption, and ecological damage. Despite their convenience, these containers contribute to global plastic pollution, with projections indicating a rise in plastic production to 600 million tons annually by 2050.

Aim: This systematic review aims to evaluate the environmental and human health risks posed by MPs leaching from disposable paper and plastic beverage containers. It also seeks to recommend mitigation strategies to address these risks.

Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted using databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, focusing on peer-reviewed studies published between 2019 and 2025. Inclusion criteria encompassed studies on MPs' release, toxicity mechanisms, and environmental pathways. Data were extracted and synthesized thematically, covering chemical risk factors, environmental impacts, and health effects. Analytical methods included spectroscopy, microscopy, and toxicity assays using human cell lines and aquatic organisms.

Results: The review revealed that MPs and nanoplastics leach into beverages under thermal and mechanical stress, with studies detecting up to 25,000 particles per cup. These particles act as vectors for heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants, entering the food chain and causing bioaccumulation. Toxicological studies demonstrated cellular uptake, oxidative stress, and metabolic disruption in human cells at concentrations as low as 10–100 µg/mL. Environmental degradation of MPs contributes to climate change by releasing greenhouse gases and disrupting carbon sequestration processes.

Conclusion: Disposable beverage containers are a significant source of MPs, with far-reaching implications for environmental and human health. Urgent measures are needed, including stricter regulations on plastic additives, the development of biodegradable alternatives, and public awareness campaigns to reduce single-use cup consumption. Future research should focus on standardizing MP detection methods and investigating long-term health impacts.